Constitutional Amendments & Reform of the Judiciary Branch
On Appellate Jurisdiction for the Supreme Court
The public is concerned about the centralization of power in
Washington. The Founding Fathers, in their thoroughgoing debates about
what should and should not go into the Constitution, were aware of the size
and diversity of the nation and that it would yet grow larger. In this
they showed their wisdom, perhaps more so than those later elected to
Congress or serving on the Supreme Court. So the Founders delegated only
certain explicit rights to the Federal Government. Many people were
nevertheless afraid that the Central Government would become too powerful
and insisted on a Bill of Rights before agreeing to ratify the new
document.
Article IX thus asserts "the enumeration of certain rights shall
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people", and
Article X adds, even more explicitly, "The powers not delegated to the
United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are
reserved to the states respectively or to the people."
The concern of the people proved to be justified. The Supreme
Court soon began a process of broad judicial reinterpretation of what was
perfectly clear to the citizen-in-the-street, introducing the notion of
"implied powers" which were clearly neither implied not intended by the
Founders. This reconstruing of the Constitution, enabled the Court to
uphold Federal legislation in areas of widely differing local concern,
including schools, matters of local taste and morality and even local
health, environmental, safety, education, and welfare legislation. The
result has been the imposition of a uniformity on many legal matters which
the Founders had deliberately intended be left to local states and
communities taking into account the great cultural differences pertaining
in one of the geographically largest and socially least homogenous nations
on earth.
As a result, the most activist segments in the most liberal
localities in the country have succeeded in imposing their views of the
just society on much more conservative communities. And the Supreme Courts
of the past hundred years have by shrewd legalistic sleight of hand let
them get away with it.
In consequence, what has heretofore been the silent majority, has
started agitating for Constitutional Amendments to permit local diversity
regarding such variant elements as censorship of indecent printed material,
access to pornographic sites on the Internet, gun and drug control, minimal
standards for abortion, eligibility for state welfare programs, prayer in
the schools, and flag burning. The Senate Judiciary Committee is presently
devoting precious time to considering a flag burning amendment.
The Constitution is too valuable a document and is too laden with
veneration and the weight of history to allow it to become a hundred page
legislative document burdened with overmuch detail like those of so many
other countries which are junked and replaced every quarter of a century --
if not more often. The attempt to resolve every social problem created by
the Supreme Court promotes an unhealthy psychology of "legislation by
constitutional amendment"
Rather, we might do one of two things: Deliberately reenact
Articles IX and X of the Constitution, in their exact present wording, thus
sending an unmistakable message to the Court, Congress, and White House
that "this time we really mean it. Feds keep out of State territory." Or,
use machinery already incorporated in the Constitution. Article III.
Section 2, paragraph 1, establishes the original jurisdiction of the
Supreme Court to include matters arising under Federal law, treaty law,
matters affecting foreign diplomats, admiralty and maritime law, disputes
between states, as well as between citizens of one state and another state.
Section 2, paragraph 2 then goes on to state "In all other cases .
. . the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and
fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall
make" (emphasis supplied). This second course appears easier and more
direct. Congress has employed this authority at least three times during
the nation's history to limit or extend the Court's appellate jurisdiction.
And the Court has never demurred, since the Congress' authority to do this
is explicitly set forth in the Constitution.,
It is thus suggested that the Judiciary Committees of the House and
Senate undertake hearings with regard to the wording of legislation to
remove from the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction the findings of
State Courts regarding all matters not explicitly delegated to
Congressional action. Among the items to be excluded from the Court's
appellate jurisdiction might be included:
1. rulings on the terms and conditions on which abortions may be
performed
2. local ordinances regarding strip bars, pornography, and juvenile
access to the Internet,
3. non-denominational prayers in public schools
4. punishing acts desecrating flags and other symbols of
sovereignty
5. setting Congressional salaries by state law so that "one size
fits all" would not be necessary where less prosperous
states might be able to attract qualified candidates for half
the salary New York or Chicago might consider necessary
6. eligibility for state welfare, irrespective of federal Īgrants
in aid'"
7. rulings on such strictly political issues as Congressional
redistricting within states
8. review of state court decisions on criminal punishments
9. state imposition of court costs on losers of civil cases to
discourage frivolous suits
10.non-review of state decisions regarding the language of
instruction in schools, or court
It is suggested that State Governors, Speakers of State
Legislatures and State Senates, and Mayors of large cities undertake a
letter writing campaign to stimulate such hearings and such legislation.
Only if such legislation proves unavailing (why should it? The
Court has accepted such limitations, if not such wide-ranging ones, in the
past. Congress has explicit Constitutional auth-ority to so limit its
appellate jurisdiction) should we consider reenactment of Articles IX and
X.
A final thought: In writing in support of such appellate
limitation, it would also be useful with regard to helping control illegal
immigration, were Congress to pass legislation defining exactly what is
meant in Article II by "natural born citizen of the United States". When
George Romney was running for President, many argued that having been born
in Mexico of American parents, he was not a "natural born citizen". The
matter is at least arguable. Congress has imposed strict US residency
requirements on the American parents of those born abroad before they can
pass on citizenship. This was clearly an interpretation of this clause. And
has been upheld by the Court. It would seem that an equivalent
interpretation of "natural born citizen" to impose on those born in the
United States of alien parents restrictions at least as stringent as those
required of children of U.S. parents born abroad regarding the acquisition
of citizenship, i.e. that at least the mother be a legal resident at the
time of birth and have, say, at least five years residence between the age
of 12 and 21, would similarly be neither unconstitutional or unreasonable.
This would remove the incentive for Greek ship captains to bring pregnant
wives along on trips to New York in hopes the child will be lucky enough to
be born in port or in a U.S. hospital. Or pregnant Mexican women to cross
the border as they approach term, either on a temporary admission mica or
just plain illegally, hoping that their child will be born an American
citizen during a shopping trip or visit to a relative, and thus become
eligible to petition for its alien parents and extended family to have
preference to enter the US.